A Regional Internet Registry (RIR) is an organization overseeing the allocation and registration of Internet number resources within a particular region of the world. Resources include IP addresses An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A (both IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth revision in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. Together with IPv6, it is at the core of standards-based internetworking methods of the Internet. IPv4 is still by far the most widely deployed Internet Layer protocol. As of 2010[ and IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 is an Internet Protocol version which is designed to succeed IPv4, the first implementation which is still in dominant use currently[update]. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol is the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6) and autonomous system Within the Internet, an autonomous system is a collection of connected Internet Protocol (IP) routing prefixes under the control of one or more network operators that presents a common, clearly defined routing policy to the Internet (cf. RFC 1930, Section 3) numbers (for use in BGP The Border Gateway Protocol is the core routing protocol of the Internet. It maintains a table of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability among autonomous systems (AS). It is described as a path vector protocol. BGP does not use traditional IGP metrics, but makes routing decisions based on path, network policies and/or routing Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the telephone network (Circuit switching) , electronic data networks (such as the Internet), and transportation networks. This article is concerned primarily with routing in electronic data networks).
Regional Internet RegistriesThere are currently five RIRs in operation:
- American Registry for Internet Numbers The American Registry for Internet Numbers is the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for Canada, many Caribbean and North Atlantic islands, and the United States. ARIN manages the distribution of Internet number resources, including IPv4 and IPv6 address space and AS numbers. ARIN opened its doors for business on 22 December 1997 after incorporating (ARIN)[1] for North America and parts of the Caribbean
- RIPE Network Coordination Centre The Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre is the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for Europe, the Middle East and parts of Central Asia. It is headquartered in Amsterdam, The Netherlands (RIPE NCC)[2] for Europe Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus region (Specification of borders) and the Black Sea to the southeast. Europe is bordered by the, the Middle East The Middle East is a region that encompasses southwestern Asia and Egypt. In some contexts, the term has recently been expanded in usage to sometimes include Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Caucasus and Central Asia, and North Africa. It's often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and Central Asia Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west, China in the east, Afghanistan in the south, and Russia in the north. It is also sometimes known as Middle Asia or Inner Asia, and is within the scope of the wider Eurasian continent
- Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre The Asia Pacific Network Information Centre is the Regional Internet Registry for the Asia Pacific region (APNIC)[3] for Asia Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 4 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population. During the 20th century Asia's population nearly quadrupled and the Pacific region The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east
- Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry The Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry is the Regional Internet Registry for the Latin American and Caribbean regions (LACNIC)[4] for Latin America Latin America is a region of the Americas where Romance languages (i.e., those derived from Latin) – particularly Spanish, Portuguese, and variably French – are primarily spoken. Latin America has an area of approximately 21,069,501 km² (7,880,000 sq mi), almost 3.9% of the Earth's surface or 14.1% of its land surface area. As of 2009, its and parts of the Caribbean region The Caribbean is a region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands , and the surrounding coasts. The region is located southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and Northern America, east of Central America, and to the north of South America
- African Network Information Centre AfriNIC, headquartered in Ebene City, Mauritius, was provisionally recognized by ICANN on October 11, 2004 and became functionally operational on February 22, 2005. It was recognized by ICANN in April 2005 (AfriNIC)[5] for Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area. With a billion people (as of 2009, see table) in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14.72% of the world's human population
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The relationship between RIRs and IANA
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority is the entity that oversees global IP address allocation, root zone management for the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol related assignments. It is operated by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, better known as ICANN (IANA) delegates Internet resources to the RIRs who, in turn, follow their regional policies to delegate resources to their customers, which include Internet service providers An Internet service provider , also sometimes referred to as an Internet access provider (IAP), is a company that offers its customers access to the Internet[citation needed]. The ISP connects to its customers using a data transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet Protocol Paradigm, such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or and end-user organizations. Collectively, the RIRs participate in the Number Resource Organization (NRO),[6] formed as a body to represent their collective interests, undertake joint activities, and coordinate their activities globally. The NRO has entered into an agreement with ICANN The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a non-profit corporation headquartered in Marina del Rey, California, United States that was created on September 18, 1998, and incorporated on September 30, 1998 to be able to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks previously performed directly on behalf of the U.S. government by for the establishment of the Address Supporting Organisation (ASO),[7] which undertakes coordination of global IP addressing policies within the ICANN framework.
Number Resource Organization
The Number Resource Organization[8] (NRO) is an unincorporated organisation uniting the five RIRs. It came into existence on October 24, 2003, when the four existing RIRs entered into a Memorandum of Understanding A memorandum of understanding is a document describing a bilateral or multilateral agreement between parties. It expresses a convergence of will between the parties, indicating an intended common line of action. It is often used in cases where parties either do not imply a legal commitment or in situations where the parties cannot create a legally (MoU) in order to undertake joint activities, including joint technical projects, liaison activities and policy co-ordination.
AfriNIC AfriNIC, headquartered in Ebene City, Mauritius, was provisionally recognized by ICANN on October 11, 2004 and became functionally operational on February 22, 2005. It was recognized by ICANN in April 2005, which was officially created in April 2005, joined on April 25, 2005.
The main aims of the NRO are to:
- Protect the unallocated IP An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A number resource pool,
- Promote and protect the bottom-up policy development process of the Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and, and
- Act as a focal point for Internet community A virtual community, e-community or online community is a group of people that primarily interact via communication media such as newsletters, telephone, email, internet social network service or instant messages rather than face to face, for social, professional, educational or other purposes. If the mechanism is a computer network, it is called input into the RIR system.
See also
- Country code top-level domain A country code top-level domain is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country (a sovereign state or a dependent territory)
- Geolocation software In computing, geolocation software is used to deduce the geolocation of another party. For example, on the Internet, one geolocation approach is to identify the subject party's IP address, then determine what country, organization, or user the IP address has been assigned to, and finally, guess that party's location. Other methods include
- Internet governance Policies and mechanisms for Internet governance have been topics of debate between many different Internet stakeholders, some of whom have very different opinions for how and indeed whether the Internet should facilitate free communication of ideas and information
- Local Internet registry A Local Internet Registry is an organization which has received an IP address allocation from a Regional Internet Registry (RIR), and which may assign parts of this allocation to its own customers. An LIR is thus typically an Internet service provider. To become a LIR, membership of a RIR is required
- National Internet registry A National Internet Registry is an organization under the umbrella of a Regional Internet Registry with the task of coordinating IP address allocations and other Internet resource management functions at a national level within a country or economic unit
- NRO in es, de, ja
References
- ^ American Registry for Internet Numbers
- ^ RIPE Network Coordination Centre
- ^ Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre
- ^ Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry
- ^ African Network Information Centre
- ^ Number Resource Organization
- ^ The Address Supporting Organization
- ^ NRO Website
Categories: Regional Internet Registries This category contains Regional Internet Registries, which are responsible for the allocation of most IP addresses | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority | Internet standards This category contains current and future Internet Standards, i.e., published RFC documents currently on the IETF's Standards Track. This can include both network protocols and other non-protocol standards | Internet governance The Internet is not controlled by a single person or body in the way that a corporation or a state might be. Instead, different functions are carried out by different bodies, in a way which is still evolving. This category pulls together articles on the organization of the Internet and on the bodies and groups which have a role in its development
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